Advanced Placement (AP) English Literature Practice Exam

How does chiasmus function in literature?

1. By repeating the same words in a different order

2. By reversing grammatical elements for emphasis

3. By increasing the tempo in music lyrics

4. By limiting sentence structure to a specific form

The correct answer is: By reversing grammatical elements for emphasis

Chiasmus functions in literature by reversing grammatical elements for emphasis, creating a structure that mirrors itself in a way that enhances meaning or highlights a contrast. This rhetorical device often involves a pattern where the first part of a statement is balanced or contrasted by the second part, thereby enhancing the overall impact through its symmetry. For example, the phrase "Never let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you" demonstrates this reversal clearly, drawing attention to the relationship between the ideas presented. The emphasis brought about by chiasmus can provoke thought and reflection or create a memorable moment that resonates with the reader. It serves to reinforce thematic elements through its structural ingenuity, making the text more engaging and thought-provoking.